1. D2+d2/8πD
2. D2+d2/8D
3. D2-d2/8D
4. D3-d3/8D2
D2+d2/8D
1. (π2 EI)/L2
2. (2π2 EI)/L2
3. (4π2 EI)/L2
4. (π2 EI)/4L2
(π2 EI)/L2
1. Solid square
2. Thin hollow circle
3. Solid circle
4. I-section
Thin hollow circle
1. Tensile strength
2. Compressive strength
3. Half the difference between the tensile and compressive strengths
4. Half the tensile strength
Half the tensile strength
1. 1.067π
2. 1.143π
3. 1.333π
4. 2π
1.067π
1. 1 kNm
2. 2 kNm
3. 3 kNm
4. 4 kNm
3 kNm
1. 36 kgf/cm2 compression
2. 36 kgf/cm2 tension
3. 72 kgf/cm2 compression
4. 72 kgf/cm2 tension
72 kgf/cm2 tension
1. 1200 kg/cm2
2. 900 kg/cm2
3. 700 kg/cm2
4. 400 kg/cm2
700 kg/cm2
1. 80
2. 57
3. 40
4. 20
40
1. d/8
2. 13d/48
3. d/4
4. 13d/96
13d/48