1. Eastern Himalayas
2. Western Himalayas
3. Western Ghats
4. Eastern Ghats
5. Sundarbans
Western Himalayas
1. Lateral region
2. Dorsal region
3. Ventral region
4. Basal region
Basal region
1. Litter
2. Duff
3. Real humus
4. Compost
Litter
1. 6
2. 10
3. 16
4. 32
32
1. Detritus
2. Humus
3. Standing state
4. Standing crop
Standing crop
1. 1 5 4 3 2
2. 2 1 5 4 3
3. 3 2 1 5 4
4. 4 3 2 1 5
5. 5 4 1 2 3
2 1 5 4 3
1. Lt=L0+rt
2. Le=Lrrt
3. W1=W0ert
4. W1=W0ert
5. W1=W0+ert
W1=W0ert
1. Protonema
2. Antheridia
3. Archegonia
4. Vegetetive body
Protonema
1. Clements
2. Grinnel
3. Warming
4. Odum
Grinnel
1. Proto-cooperation
2. Mutualism
3. Commenalism
4. Parasite
Proto-cooperation