1. 1 – r/R
2. 1 + r/R
3. r/R
4. 1 – R/r
1 + r/R
1. n/(1 – α)
2. –n /(1 – α)
3. -n/(1 – α)2
4. n/(1 – α)2
–n /(1 – α)
1. p2 = q
2. q2 = p
3. q2 =3p
4. p2 =3q
p2 =3q
1. (-1)n
2. (-1)n/23n
3. 1/23n
4. 0
(-1)n/23n
1. 1/2
2. √3/2
3. 1/4
4. 2
√3/2
1. 3/2
2. -4
3. -2
-2
1. 1/3
2. 2√2/3
3. 2/3
4. √2/3
2√2/3