1. acts as deoxidizer
2. reduces the grain size
3. decreases tensile strength and hardness
4. lowers the toughness and transverse ductility
lowers the toughness and transverse ductility
1. improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
2. refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburization, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
3. improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
4. gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion properties
refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburization, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
1. hot hardness
2. toughness
3. wear resistance
4. sharp cutting edge
hot hardness
1. shot peening
2. nitrating of surface
3. cold working
4. surface decarburization
surface decarburization
1. aluminum
2. low carbon steel
3. medium carbon steel
4. high carbon steel
medium carbon steel
1. brass
2. mild steel
3. cast iron
4. wrought iron
wrought iron
1. adding carbon up to 2.8%
2. adding carbon up to 6.3%
3. adding carbon up to 0.83%
4. adding small quantities of copper
adding carbon up to 0.83\%
1. 0.1 to 0.3%
2. 0.3 to 0.6%
3. 0.6 to 0.8%
4. 0.8 to 1.5%
0.8 to 1.5\%
1. improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
2. improves cutting ability and reduce harden ability
3. gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti-corrosion properties
4. none of the above
improves cutting ability and reduce harden ability
1. 0.05%
2. 0.15%
3. 0.3%
4. 0.5%
0.15\%