1. promotes decarburization
2. provides high hot hardness
3. forms very hard carbides and thus increases wear resistance
4. promotes retention of austenite
forms very hard carbides and thus increases wear resistance
1. in which atoms align themselves in a geometric pattern upon solidification
2. in which there is no definite atomic structure and atoms exist in a random pattern just as in a liquid
3. which is not attacked by phosphorous
4. which emits fumes on melting
in which there is no definite atomic structure and atoms exist in a random pattern just as in a liquid
1. point defect
2. line defect
3. plane defect
4. volumetric defect
line defect
1. zinc
2. lead
3. silver
4. glass
glass
1. improve machinability
2. improve ductility
3. improve toughness
4. release stresses
improve machinability
1. electroplating
2. cyaniding
3. induction hardening
4. nitrating
electroplating
1. cobalt
2. nickel
3. vanadium
4. iron
cobalt
1. improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
2. refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburization, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
3. improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
4. gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
1. tensile strength
2. hardness
3. ductility
4. fluidity
tensile strength
1. brass
2. cast iron
3. aluminum
4. steel
steel