1. Historical explanations are usually broad so that no prediction is possible.
2. Historical outcomes depend upon a large number of factors and hence prediction is difficult for each case.
3. Historical sciences, by their very nature, are not interested in a multitude of minor factors, which might be important in a specific historical outcome.
4. Historians are interested in evolution of human history and hence are only interested in longterm predictions.
5. Historical sciences suffer from the inability to conduct controlled experiments and therefore have explanations based on a few long-term factors.
Historical explanations are usually broad so that no prediction is possible.
1. Students of history are missing significant opportunities by not conducting any natural experiments.
2. Complex societies inhabiting large islands provide great opportunities for natural experiments.
3. Students of history are missing significant opportunities by not studying an adequate variety of natural experiments.
4. A unique problem faced by historians is their inability to establish cause and effect relationships.
5. Cultural anthropologists have overcome the problem of confounding variables through natural experiments.
1. B, C & E
2. C only
3. E only
4. C & E
5. C, D & E
E only
1. A, B & E
2. B, C & E
3. C & D
4. E only
5. B only
B only
1. A, B & D
2. B, C & D
3. B & D
4. B only
5. D only
B & D
1. Loyalty between a group of scientists in a research laboratory
2. Loyalty between a group of scientists across research laboratories
3. Loyalty to a certain paradigm of scientific inquiry
4. Loyalty to a global patterns of scientific inquiry
5. Loyalty to evolving trends of scientific inquiry
Loyalty to a certain paradigm of scientific inquiry
1. Paradigms almost entirely define a scientific tradition.
2. A group of scientists investigating a phenomenon would benefit by defining a set of rules.
3. Acceptance of the giants of a tradition is a sine qua non for a paradigm to emerge.
4. Choice of isolation mechanism determines the type of paradigm that may emerge from a tradition.
5. Paradigms are a general representation of rules and beliefs of a scientific tradition.
Paradigms are a general representation of rules and beliefs of a scientific tradition.
1. we who had left before time he had arrived.
2. us who had went before he arrived.
3. us who had went before had arrived.
4. we who had left before he arrived.
we who had left before he arrived.
1. rose to say that she thought the Women's Reservation Bill should be passed
2. rose up to say that, the Women's Reservation Bill should be passed on
3. rose to say that, in her opinion, she thought that the Women's Reservation Bill should be passed.
4. rose to say that, in her opinion, the Women's Reservation Bill should be passed on
rose to say that she thought the Women's Reservation Bill should be passed
1. since he is a member of the community group
2. also being a member of the community group
3. a member of the community group
4. in addition, who is a member of the community group
a member of the community group