1. Sign-magnitude
2. 1’s complement
3. 2’s complement
4. 9’s complement
2’s complement
1. 1, 2 and 3
2. 1 and 2
3. 1 and 3
4. 2 and 3
2 and 3
1. is faster
2. is more accurate
3. used fewer gates
4. costs less
is faster
1. Zero and + 90°, - 90°
2. -2/3 and + 60°, -60°
3. Zero land + 120°, -120°
4. -2/3 and -90° and -90°, + 90°
Zero and + 90°, - 90°
1. 1:4
2. 1:2
3. 1:1
4. 2:1
1:2
1. Excess-3 code
2. Gray code
3. BCD code
4. Hamming code
Gray code
1. All poles lie in the left half of the s-plane
2. All poles lie in the right half of the s-plane
3. Two poles lie symmetrically on the imaginary axis of the s-plane
4. No pole lie on the imaginary axis of the s-plane
Two poles lie symmetrically on the imaginary axis of the s-plane
1. Requires lower modulation power
2. Higher power output per transistor
3. Better efficiency
4. Better linearity
Requires lower modulation power
1. -256.
2. -255
3. -128
4. -127
-128
1. 6 fm
2. fm
3. 2 fm
4. 10 fm
2 fm