1. Soil moisture
2. Food
3. Predation
4. Temperature
Predation
1. Removal of 80% tigers from an area resulted in greatly increased growth of vegetation
2. removal of most of the carnivores resulted in an increased population of deers
3. the length of food chains is generally limited to 3-4 trophic levels due to energy loss
4. the length of food chains may vary from 2 to 8 trophic levels
the length of food chains is generally limited to 3-4 trophic levels due to energy loss
1. Desert plant
2. Parasite
3. Water plant
4. Terrestrial plant
Water plant
1. Standing crop
2. Detritus
3. Humus
4. Standing state
Standing state
1. Producer
2. Herbivore
3. Omnivore
4. Carnicore
Omnivore
1. Producer
2. Herbivore
3. Omnivore
4. Carnicore
Omnivore
1. Rain water
2. Running water
3. Standing water
4. Gravitational water
Standing water
1. Occasional
2. Intermittent
3. Rhythmic
4. Periodic
Periodic
1. Benthic brown algae, coastal red algae and daphinds
2. Benthic diatoms and marine viruses
3. Sea grasses and slime moulds
4. Free floating microalgae, cyanobacteria and nanoplankton
Free floating microalgae, cyanobacteria and nanoplankton
1. Hydrophytes
2. Halophytes
3. Mesophytes
4. Xerophytes
Halophytes