1. When water is not available, camels do not produce urine but store urea in tissues
2. Salmon fish excretes lot of stored salt through gill membrane when in fresh water
3. Paramecium discharges concentrated salt solution by contractile vacuoles
4. The body fluids of fresh water animals are generally hypotonic to surrounding water
When water is not available, camels do not produce urine but store urea in tissues
1. Maintaining a high osmotic pressure in the tissues between the tubules
2. Rapid removal of sodium ion from the medullary tissues
3. Rapid flow of blood through the medulla
4. High oxidative metabolism of medullary cells
Maintaining a high osmotic pressure in the tissues between the tubules
1. large amount of urea is present in urine
2. urine has osmolarity similar to that of plasma
3. inflammation of nephrons
4. inflammation of urinary bladder
urine has osmolarity similar to that of plasma
1. uric acid can be excreted in almost solid form
2. the formation of uric acid requires a great deal of energy
3. uric acid is the first metabolic breakdown products of acids
4. uric acid may be excreted through the lungs
uric acid can be excreted in almost solid form
1. tubule of kidney
2. Bowman’s capsule
3. glomerulus of uriniferous tubule
4. Malpighian tubule
glomerulus of uriniferous tubule
1. length of loop of Henle
2. PCT
3. DCT
4. intake of water
length of loop of Henle
1. high insulin level
2. low insulin level
3. low thyroxine level
4. low level of glucagen
low insulin level
1. urine
2. sweat
3. faeces
4. vitamins
faeces
1. deposition of sand particles
2. precipitation of proteins
3. crystallization of oxalates
4. blokage of fats
precipitation of proteins
1. salts
2. glucose
3. urea
4. ammonia
urea