1. Migration
2. Natality
3. Emigration
4. Mortality
Mortality
1. Natality increases and mortality decreases
2. Mortality decreases
3. Natality increases
4. Mortality increases
Natality increases and mortality decreases
1. Extinction
2. Mutation
3. Greater number of niches are formed
4. Symbiosis
Extinction
1. m3
2. m4
3. m
4. m2
m2
1. Allopatric population
2. Quantum population
3. Saltational population
4. Parapatric population
5. Sympatric population
Allopatric population
1. I and II only
2. III and IV only
3. I and III only
4. II and III only
5. II and IV only
III and IV only
1. Small isolated population
2. Large isolated population
3. Fast reproductive population
4. Slow reproductive population
Small isolated population
1. Shrub and small trees
2. Low stature shrub and perennial grass
3. Tall trees and herbaceous plants
4. Low stature shrub and herbaceous plants
Low stature shrub and herbaceous plants
1. Mesophytes
2. Xerophytes
3. Hydrophytes
4. Halophytes
Hydrophytes
1. Allopatric
2. Sympatric
3. Biospecies
4. Sibling species
Allopatric