1. Structurally similar
2. Functionally similar
3. Both (a) and (b)
4. Normally non-functional
Functionally similar
1. Reptiles
2. Birds
3. Eutherians
4. Amphibians
Reptiles
1. Vermiform appendix
2. Plica semilunaris
3. Ear muscles
4. Epiglottis
Epiglottis
1. Inheritance of acquired characters
2. Descent by modiications
3. Spontaneous generation
4. Struggle for existence
Descent by modiications
1. Adaptive radiation
2. Homology
3. Convergent evolution
4. Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
1. Embryological characters
2. Germ layers
3. Somatic variations
4. Genetic variations
Embryological characters
1. Warblers and wood peckers
2. Carnivores
3. Cactus feeding
4. Seed eating
Warblers and wood peckers
1. Differentiation of species
2. Maintenance of species
3. Evolutionary divergence
4. Extermination of species
Maintenance of species
1. Euglena; animals and plants
2. Virus; non-livings and livings
3. Euglena; non-livings and livings
4. Virus; animals and plants
Euglena; animals and plants
1. Miocene
2. Permian
3. Pliocene
4. Oligocene
Permian